A panic attack can be one of the most frightening experiences a person goes through. It often strikes suddenly and brings intense feelings of fear, even when there’s no clear danger or threat. People having a panic attack may feel like they’re losing control, having a heart attack, or even dying. But while panic attacks are scary, they are not life-threatening—and they are treatable.
Panic attacks are more common than many people think. They can affect anyone, regardless of age or background, and often begin during the teen or young adult years. Some people only experience a panic attack once or twice in their lives, while others have repeated episodes. For some, these attacks can lead to panic disorder, a condition where the fear of having another attack begins to interfere with daily life.
In this article, we’ll take a closer look at what panic attacks are, what causes them, the different types, common symptoms, how doctors diagnose them, and what treatments can help.
What Panic Attacks Really Are
A panic attack is a sudden wave of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes. During an attack, your body reacts as if it’s facing a serious threat—even when there is none. This response is linked to the body’s “fight or flight” system, which is meant to protect you in dangerous situations. But during a panic attack, this system is triggered without warning, and it can feel overwhelming.
Panic attacks can happen unexpectedly or in response to a specific trigger, like a crowded space, a stressful event, or a phobia. Some people experience attacks during times of stress or after trauma, but others may not know what causes them. The fear that comes with a panic attack is real, even if the situation doesn’t seem dangerous.
Having a panic attack doesn’t mean you’re weak or that something is physically wrong. Many people who are otherwise healthy experience panic attacks. Understanding them is the first step toward managing them.
What Causes Panic Attacks and What Types Are There?
The exact cause of panic attacks isn’t fully known, but several factors seem to play a role. Genetics, brain chemistry, personality, and life stress all appear to influence who might develop panic attacks. People with anxiety disorders, depression, or a history of trauma may also be more likely to have them.
Sometimes panic attacks are connected to a mental health condition called panic disorder. This is when someone has repeated attacks and begins to worry so much about future attacks that it affects how they live their life. In other cases, panic attacks may be part of another condition, such as generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or phobias.
There are two main types of panic attacks:
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Unexpected panic attacks: These happen without warning or a clear reason. You might be relaxing or sleeping when suddenly, the panic begins.
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Expected panic attacks: These are triggered by a known fear or situation, like public speaking, flying, or being in a tight space.
Both types can be intense and upsetting. Understanding your pattern can help with treatment.
Common Symptoms of Panic Attacks
The symptoms of a panic attack usually come on quickly and peak within 10 minutes. However, some people feel lingering effects for hours afterward. The symptoms can feel so physical that many people think they are having a serious medical issue.
Common symptoms of panic attacks include:
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Racing or pounding heart
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Sweating or chills
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Trembling or shaking
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Shortness of breath or feeling like you can’t breathe
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Chest pain or discomfort
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Nausea or stomach upset
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Feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or faint
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Numbness or tingling sensations
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Fear of losing control or “going crazy”
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Fear of dying
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Feeling detached from reality or from your body
These symptoms can be terrifying, especially if it’s your first time experiencing a panic attack. But even though they feel dangerous, they’re not harmful to your body. Recognizing these symptoms as part of a panic attack can help reduce the fear during future episodes.
How Panic Attacks Are Diagnosed
If you’ve experienced what you think might be a panic attack, it’s a good idea to talk to a doctor. The first step is usually a medical exam to rule out other health conditions that could be causing your symptoms—such as heart problems, thyroid issues, or asthma.
Once physical conditions are ruled out, a mental health evaluation can help determine whether you’re dealing with panic attacks, panic disorder, or another anxiety condition. The doctor will ask about your symptoms, how often they occur, and whether they’re affecting your life.
To be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person must have repeated panic attacks and experience ongoing worry about having more attacks or changes in behavior because of the attacks.
It’s important to be open and honest with your healthcare provider. Panic attacks are common and treatable, and getting a diagnosis is the first step to feeling better.
Treatment Options That Can Help
Panic attacks and panic disorder are highly treatable. Most people improve with therapy, medication, or a combination of both. The right approach depends on the person’s needs and symptoms.
Common treatment options include:
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is one of the most effective treatments. It helps people understand the thoughts and fears that lead to panic and teaches tools to manage them. Over time, CBT can reduce both the number and intensity of attacks.
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Exposure therapy: A type of CBT where people gradually face situations that trigger panic in a controlled, safe way. This can help reduce fear over time.
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Medication: Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications may help reduce panic symptoms. Some doctors may also prescribe fast-acting medications to be taken during an attack, but these are usually used short-term.
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Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, deep breathing, meditation, and avoiding caffeine or alcohol can help prevent or lessen attacks. Getting enough sleep and managing stress also play a big role.
Some people also find help through support groups, journaling, or relaxation techniques. It’s important to find what works best for you, and that often starts by talking with a doctor or therapist.
